The reconstructed lake levels tell a similar story: although there have longer periods of sustained drought and single years where the water level was lower, the combination of severity and length of the recent drought was unprecedented. But the push gained momentum from new satellite radar images that dramatically depicted the state’s subsidence problems. And pumps have become ever more powerful, with the best able to guzzle up to 5000 liters per minute from aquifers. But a different source, stormwater runoff from urban or managed landscapes, could pose a problem: preventing contaminants—including farm fertilizers—from seeping into groundwater. Still, several pilot projects are underway. Paleoclimate records going back more than 1,000 years show many more significant dry periods. ROLF SCHULTEN/ULLSTEIN BILD VIA GETTY IMAGES “A lot of people are looking to California to see how the law plays out,” says Ellen Hanak of the Public Policy Institute of California (PPIC). While groundwater diminishes at a much lower rate than runoff, the lack of runoff will lead to increased groundwater pumping to meet the needs of the water demand. The drought killed 102 million trees from 2011 to 2016, with 62 million killed in 2016 alone. In the American River watershed, a flood control agency wants to retrofit some upper reservoirs. The U.S. Drought Monitor started in 2000. During a recent intense drought, from 2012 to 2016, parts of the valley sank as much as 60 centimeters per year. Local projects sent water to urban centers. With that said the relationship between surface water and groundwater contribute to the hydrologic system, and groundwater helps maintain surface water flows during extended dry periods. Reservoirs in California are designed to control either rain floods, snowmelt floods or both. Drought preparedness activities are very important to prepare for California’s inevitable swing between flood and drought conditions. The hope, she adds, is “there’s just so much local innovation in California that it can be a model for folks elsewhere.”In the 1930s, the federal government began to build a network of dams, pipelines, and canals that moved water from the state’s wetter north to farms in its semiarid south. Droughts are a recurring feature of California’s climate, and the four-year period between fall 2011 and fall 2015 was the driest since record keeping began in 1895. The drought of 2007–2009 also saw greatly reduced water diversions from the state water project. Globally, aquifers are “highly stressed” in 17 countries that hold one-quarter of the world’s population, according to the World Resources Institute. “If we’re going to be putting hundreds of thousands or millions of acre feet of water in the ground every year, we should be taking every opportunity to make that water cleaner on the way in,” Fisher says.Recharge isn’t the whole solution. “California has opportunities to move towards more sustainable management, and I think they are,” she says. The DIR allows users to report local drought impacts and conditions, and to search its archive to better understand drought’s effects at the national, state, county, and city scales.When autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. This is further complicated by environmental rules which restrict pumping during certain months of the year, to protect migrating fish. Hydrologic conditions causing impacts for water users in one location may not represent drought for water users in a different part of California, or for users with a different water supply. The bills were fiercely opposed by farm groups, which worried about declining land values. Drought is a gradual phenomenon, occurring slowly over a period of time. “Civilization has never been very successful at controlling water demand,” he notes.Luckily, California’s recent winters have provided enough precipitation to allow aquifers to recover a bit. Climate change can have a profound impact on California’s water resources.Water conservation is part of the California lifestyle. Such sagging can leave canals carrying less water—an “ultimate irony,” says Graham Fogg, a hydrogeologist at the University of California (UC), Davis, because they were built in part to slacken demand for groundwater. California is no stranger to drought; it is a recurring feature of our climate. The maps can help managers identify areas where water will quickly soak in—avoiding ponding that can lead to crop diseases or undermine trees.The maps also show where water is most likely to reach deep layers where pumping is causing subsidence. Throughout history, California has experienced many droughts, such as 1841, 1864, 1924, 1928–1935, 1947–1950, 1959–1960, 1976–1977, 1986–1992, 2006–2010, and 2011–2019. (IMAGES) JAY FAMIGLIETTI/NASA JET PROPULSION LABORATORY; CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY; UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE; (GRAPHICS) N. DESAI/ Drought impacts increase with the length of a drought, as carry-over supplies in reservoirs are depleted and water levels in groundwater basins decline.Provisions of California’s Emergency Services Act have been used to declare a statewide drought emergency for only two of our droughts, the 2012 to 2016 event and its immediate predecessor in 2007-09.Defining when drought ends is based on the moderation of drought impacts to water users.
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