Behavioral: Masayang Pamilya Para Sa Tinedyer Pilipino Program (MaPa Teens) MaPa Teens is a 9-session parenting program delivered to groups of parents and children aged 10-17 (N=15 dyads per group). 1:38. This scale has been used widely throughout the world [22-25], including prior use in low- and middle-income countries [26, 27]. and emotional abuse (e.g., When you were growing up (before age 18) did any person ever discipline or punish you by insulting or criticizing you, to make you feel that you were bad, stupid or worthless?")
), derived from the Global Kids Online survey. We will also assess frequency of overall abuse by summing all of the subscales as well as for each individual subscale.Physical abuse (including abusive discipline) and emotional abuse will be measured using items from an adapted and expanded version of the ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool-Trial Adolescent version (ICAST-TA). Parents are asked to identify up to 3 areas of concern with their children that are causing them the most distress and to rate each problem area from 1 to 10 (1 = "not a problem," 10 = "couldn't be worse"). Responses are based on a 7-point Likert scale in which parents are presented with a situation and then are asked to choose between two alternative responses to a situation (1 = most effective; 7 = most ineffective; i.e., situation: "When I say my child can't do something;" response, score = 1: "I stick to what I said;" or response score = 7: "I let my child do it anyway"). Focus group discussions will be held with 60 parents/primary caregivers, 30 children aged 10-17, and eight program facilitators.Masayang Pamilya Para Sa Batang Pilipino Program (MaPa Kids) Parenting training for parents of children aged 2-9MaPa Kids is an 8-session parenting program delivered weekly to groups of parents (N=15 per group).The program includes the following content: 1) spending one-on-one time with children; 2) describing actions and feelings for cognitive development and socio-emotional awareness; 3) using praise and rewards to encourage positive behavior; 4) establishing limits through effective instruction giving and consistent household rules; 5) nonviolent discipline such as ignoring negative attention seeking behavior, and consequences for noncompliance, rule-breaking, and aggressive behavior; 6) problem solving with children; and 7) mindfulness based stress reduction.Masayang Pamilya Para Sa Tinedyer Pilipino Program (MaPa Teens) Parenting training for parents of children aged 10-17MaPa Teens is a 9-session parenting program delivered to groups of parents and children aged 10-17 (N=15 dyads per group).The program includes the following content: 1) one-on-one time with parents and teens, 2) positive reinforcement of positive behavior, 3) managing anger and stress, 4) establishing rules and routines, 5) family budgeting, 6) accepting responsibility for actions, 7) resolving family conflicts, 8) keeping safe in the community and resolving conflicts, and 9) reflection and moving on.Eligibility criteria Participants must have provided written, informed consent prior to the occurrence of any study procedures.Inclusion criteria for participating parents or caregivers (N=60):The study will also assess program fidelity and quality of delivery by program facilitators (N=8). The ICAST-TP measures parental reports of the incidence of abuse perpetrated against their child over the past month using a frequency score on a scale of 0 to 7, or 8 or more times.Physical abuse (including abusive discipline) will be measured using 14 items from an adapted and expanded version of the ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool-Trial Parent version (ICAST-TP). The PDR does not assess frequency of behavior but rather the occurrence (i.e., "Yes" or "No"). The same problem areas are then asked at post-assessment to assess whether these problems have changed.
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